These expression symbols make up for the lack of non-verbal cues in CMC (Tossell et al., 2012 Negishi, 2014), and are very well-suited for social media communication (Barbieri et al., 2016c). To address this problem, communicators have devised new non-verbal cues, such as capitalization as a substitute for shouting, multiple exclamation points for excitement, and expression symbols for facial expressions (Harris and Paradice, 2007 Riordan and Kreuz, 2010). However, the lack of non-verbal cues such as facial expressions, intonation, and gestures in CMC can affect the transmission of information (Archer and Akert, 1977). It has many advantages, including enhancing the continuity of individual communication (Juhasz and Bradford, 2016), improving the quality of relationships (Pettigrew, 2009 Perry and Werner-Wilson, 2011), and strengthening emotional communication (Derks et al., 2008b). With the widespread application of computing and the development of technology, computer mediated communication (CMC) is infiltrating daily life to a greater and greater extent.
